Stage 2

TREATMENT & REUSE

Effective faecal sludge management requires safe treatment and beneficial reuse of treated by-products. Planning must account for FS volume, suitable technologies, land requirements, and end-use options—best undertaken at cluster level.

Two Major Approaches

Approach 1

Co-treatment at Existing STPs

Leveraging existing wastewater treatment infrastructure for cost-effective FS treatment

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This approach leverages existing wastewater treatment infrastructure, allowing cost-effective treatment of faecal sludge through integration into under-utilised Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs).

Key steps include identification of underutilised STPs, clustering of villages within 15 km, quantification of faecal sludge, and selection of appropriate co-treatment technology (dilution method or solid-liquid separation).

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Approach 2

Establishment of New FSTP

Building new Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants for areas without existing infrastructure

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New Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants should be established for villages outside operational clusters of existing co-treatment facilities. This ensures complete coverage of FSM services.

Key steps include land identification, cluster formation, faecal sludge quantification, and technology selection based on local conditions. Options include Sludge Drying Beds (SDB) or Planted Drying Beds (PDB).

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End Products

Reuse & Disposal

Safe reuse of biosolids and treated water from FSM systems

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The faecal sludge treatment system generates two key end products with opportunities for safe reuse and resource recovery: biosolids (dried sludge rich in nutrients) and treated water.

Biosolids can be used as soil conditioner for agriculture, while treated water can be used for irrigation, watering green belts, and landscaping.

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Resources

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Stage 1: Collection, Emptying & Transportation